A longitudinal study of multiple water source use in Bekasi, Indonesia: implications for monitoring safely-managed services

Author:

Priadi Cindy R.1ORCID,Putri Gita L.1ORCID,Jannah Qanza N.1,Maryati Sri2,Afriana Anita3ORCID,Pratama Mochamad Adhiraga1ORCID,Foster Tim4ORCID,Willetts Juliet4ORCID

Affiliation:

1. a Environmental Engineering Study Program, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Kampus UI, Depok 16420, Indonesia

2. b Research Cluster for Regional and City Infrastructure System, School of Architecture, Planning and Policy Development, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Ganesha 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia

3. c Faculty of Law, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor, Kab. Sumedang 45363, Indonesia

4. d Institute for Sustainable Futures, University of Technology Sydney, 235 Jones St, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia

Abstract

Abstract Limited piped water services in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are likely to increase the use of multiple water sources, impacting access to safely managed water. The aim of this study was to analyze monthly variations of households' water source preferences in three subdistricts in Bekasi, adjacent to the capital city of Indonesia, through a monthly telephone survey of 87 households during 12 months. Households with 1, 2, and 3–4 drinking water sources formed 70, 27, and 3% of the 755 total responses, respectively. Of the 53 households that completed at least 11 of the 12 monthly surveys, around 32% of households resorted to other water sources as a complement for drinking water and other domestic purposes. Households switched from borehole water to bottled water for their primary drinking water in the wet season but still used borehole water as their complementary source. Unimproved source use as primary drinking water also increased during the wet season from 6 to 8%. Monitoring and risk assessment of water sources need to consider the use of multiple water sources while balancing out the limited resources to protect the population, especially the vulnerable, from unacceptable health risks.

Funder

Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Australian Government

Universitas Indonesia, Bandung Institute of Technology, and Universitas Padjajaran

Publisher

IWA Publishing

Subject

Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health,Pollution,Waste Management and Disposal,Water Science and Technology,Development

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