1. Ozhegov, S.I., Slovar’ russkogo yazyka (Russian Language Dictionary), Moscow: Gos. izd-vo inostr.i natz. slovarei, 1963.
2. Informatika i informatsionnye tekhnologii (Informatics and Information Technologies), ed. by Romanova, Yu.D., Moscow: Eksmo, 2007.
3. Novaya filosofskaya entsiklopediya. T. 1–4 (New Philosophical Encyclopedia, 4 vols.), Moscow: Mysl’, 2000, vol. 2, pp. 141–142.
4. Informatika kak nauka ob inormatsii (Informatics as Science about Information), ed. by Gilyarevskii, R.S., Moscow: FAIR-PRESS, 2006.
5. Saussure, F. de, Kurs obshchei lingvistiki (The Course in General Linguistics), Moscow: Progress, 1977.