1. Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
2. Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
3. These authors contributed equally to this manuscript as first authors
4. Children’s Hospital Informatics Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, United States
5. Spatial Ecology and Epidemiology Group, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
6. Department of BioScience, University of Melbourne, Australia
7. Oxford Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
8. Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, United States
9. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, San Juan, Puerto Rico
10. Malaria Atlas Project, Oxford Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
11. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
12. Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, Division of Infectious Diseases, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada
13. These authors contributed equally to the manuscript as last authors
14. Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada