Time to negative throat culture following initiation of antibiotics for pharyngeal group A Streptococcus: a systematic review and meta-analysis up to October 2021 to inform public health control measures

Abstract

Background Public health guidance recommending isolation of individuals with group A streptococcal (GAS) infection or carriage for 12–24 h from antibiotic initiation to prevent onward transmission requires a strong evidence base. Aim To estimate the pooled proportion of individuals who remain GAS culture-positive at set intervals after initiation of antibiotics through a systematic literature review (PROSPERO CRD42021290364) and meta-analysis. Methods We searched Ovid MEDLINE (1946–), EMBASE (1974–) and Cochrane library. We included interventional or observational studies with ≥ 10 participants reporting rates of GAS throat culture positivity during antibiotic treatment for culture-confirmed GAS pharyngitis, scarlet fever and asymptomatic pharyngeal GAS carriage. We did not apply age, language or geographical restrictions. Results Of 5,058 unique records, 43 were included (37 randomised controlled studies, three non-randomised controlled trials and three before-and-after studies). The proportion of individuals remaining culture-positive on day 1, day 2 and days 3–9 were 6.9% (95% CI: 2.7–16.8%), 5.4% (95% CI: 2.1–13.3%) and 2.6% (95% CI: 1.6–4.2%). For penicillins and cephalosporins, day 1 positivity was 6.5% (95% CI: 2.5–16.1%) and 1.6% (95% CI: 0.04–42.9%), respectively. Overall, for 9.1% (95% CI: 7.3–11.3), throat swabs collected after completion of therapy were GAS culture-positive. Only six studies had low risk of bias. Conclusions Our review provides evidence that antibiotics for pharyngeal GAS achieve a high rate of culture conversion within 24 h but highlights the need for further research given methodological limitations of published studies and imprecision of pooled estimates. Further evidence is needed for non-beta-lactam antibiotics and asymptomatic individuals.