Azathioprine: Association with Therapy-related Myelodysplastic Syndrome and Acute Myeloid Leukemia

Abstract

Objective.Azathioprine is widely used in patients with autoimmune diseases and after organ allografting. A recognized carcinogen, azathioprine is also associated with the development of therapy-related myelodysplastic syndrome and acute myeloid leukemia (t-MDS/AML).Methods.In 56 reported cases, azathioprine had been administered for a median of 65 months (range 6–192) to a median cumulative dose of 146 g (range 19–750) before t-MDS/AML developed.Results.In 11 patients, repeated episodes of cytopenias developed during azathioprine therapy, ante-dating the development of t-MDS/AML. In 33 cases with successful karyotypic analysis, 26 cases (79%) showed monosomy 7, deletion of the long arm of chromosomes 7 and 5, and rearrangement of chromosome 11q23. These changes were cytogenetic hallmarks of MDS/AML secondary to known leukemogenic agents and radiotherapy.Conclusion.The observations implicate azathioprine as a leukemogenic agent. It will be prudent to review the need for azathioprine therapy when unexpected cytopenias occur and prescription has been prolonged.