Phosphorylation of mammalian cytosolic and mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase: insights into regulation

Author:

Provost Joseph J.1ORCID,Cornely Kathleen A2,Mertz Pamela S.3,Peterson Celeste N.4,Riley Sophie G.1,Tarbox Harrison J.1,Narasimhan Shree R.1,Pulido Andrew J1,Springer Amy L.5ORCID

Affiliation:

1. 1Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of San Diego, San Diego CA, U.S.A.

2. 2Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Providence College, Providence RI, U.S.A.

3. 3Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, St. Mary’s College of Maryland, St. Mary’s City, MD, U.S.A.

4. 4Department of Biology, Suffolk University, Boston, MA, U.S.A.

5. 5Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, U.S.A.

Abstract

Abstract Malate dehydrogenase (MDH) is a key enzyme in mammalian metabolic pathways in cytosolic and mitochondrial compartments. Regulation of MDH through phosphorylation remains an underexplored area. In this review we consolidate evidence supporting the potential role of phosphorylation in modulating the function of mammalian MDH. Parallels are drawn with the phosphorylation of lactate dehydrogenase, a homologous enzyme, to reveal its regulatory significance and to suggest a similar regulatory strategy for MDH. Comprehensive mining of phosphorylation databases, provides substantial experimental (primarily mass spectrometry) evidence of MDH phosphorylation in mammalian cells. Experimentally identified phosphorylation sites are overlaid with MDH’s functional domains, offering perspective on how these modifications could influence enzyme activity. Preliminary results are presented from phosphomimetic mutations (serine/threonine residues changed to aspartate) generated in recombinant MDH proteins serving as a proof of concept for the regulatory impact of phosphorylation. We also examine and highlight several approaches to probe the structural and cellular impact of phosphorylation. This review highlights the need to explore the dynamic nature of MDH phosphorylation and calls for identifying the responsible kinases and the physiological conditions underpinning this modification. The synthesis of current evidence and experimental data aims to provide insights for future research on understanding MDH regulation, offering new avenues for therapeutic interventions in metabolic disorders and cancer.

Publisher

Portland Press Ltd.

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