Mitochondrial DNA in cell death and inflammation

Author:

Heilig Rosalie12,Lee Jordan12,Tait Stephen W.G.12ORCID

Affiliation:

1. 1Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, U.K.

2. 2School of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, U.K.

Abstract

Cytosolic DNA is recognized by the innate immune system as a potential threat. During apoptotic cell death, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) release activates the DNA sensor cyclic GMP–AMP synthase (cGAS) to promote a pro-inflammatory type I interferon response. Inflammation following mtDNA release during apoptotic cell death can be exploited to engage anti-tumor immunity and represents a potential avenue for cancer therapy. Additionally, various studies have described leakage of mtDNA, independent of cell death, with different underlying cues such as pathogenic infections, changes in mtDNA packaging, mtDNA stress or reduced mitochondrial clearance. The interferon response in these scenarios can be beneficial but also potentially disadvantageous, as suggested by a variety of disease phenotypes. In this review, we discuss mechanisms underlying mtDNA release governed by cell death pathways and summarize release mechanisms independent of cell death. We further highlight the similarities and differences in mtDNA release pathways, outlining gaps in our knowledge and questions for further research. Together, a deeper understanding of how and when mtDNA is released may enable the development of drugs to specifically target or inhibit mtDNA release in different disease settings.

Publisher

Portland Press Ltd.

Subject

Biochemistry

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