Proteolytic dissection of the isolated platelet fibrinogen receptor, integrin GPIIb/IIIa. Localization of GPIIb and GPIIIa sequences putatively involved in the subunit interface and in intrasubunit and intrachain contacts

Abstract

Human platelet glycoproteins IIb (GPIIb) and IIIa (GPIIIa) form the subunits of the Ca(2+)-dependent heterodimer GPIIb/IIIa, which belongs to the integrin family of phylogenetically related receptors mediating a wide variety of cell-cell and cell-substratum interactions. GPIIb/IIIa plays a central role in haemostasis as a receptor for fibrinogen and other adhesive proteins at the surface of activated platelets. The covalent structure of the subunits is largely known; however, the tertiary and quaternary structures of the heterodimer remain to be determined. To this end, our approach consisted of limited proteolysis of the isolated heterodimer with proteinases of different specificities, followed by protein-chemical and immunochemical analyses of the peptide fragments within each isolated proteolytic product. From the information obtained, we have drawn a rudimentary map which outlines the demarcation of compact domains and the subunit peptide stretches carrying the sequences putatively involved in intrachain, intrasubunit and intersubunit non-covalent connectivity in the heterodimer. Three compact domains have been well defined: one in the heavy (H) chain of GPIIb [GPIIbH-(600-700)], and two in GPIIIa, the N-terminal [GPIIIa-(1-52)] and the core [GPIIIa-(423-622)] domains. Between the latter two domains there is a proteolysis-susceptible region, which is partly involved in ligand binding [GPIIIa-(100-220)] and partly implicated as being in teh subunit interface of the heterodimer. Contrary to GPIIIa, GPIIbH is highly susceptible to proteolysis all along its sequence. Equally susceptible are the extracellular end of the transmembrane segment of both GPIIIa and the light (L) chain of GPIIb (GPIIbL), and the N-terminal end of GPIIbL. Three sequence stretches along the C-terminal half of GPIIbH, one sequence stretch in GPIIbL and three sequence stretches within the GPIIIa-(217-421) region were putatively involved in the subunit interface of the heterodimer. Most likely, the N-terminal end of GPIIbL is folded over the N- and C-terminal regions of GPIIbH, and the N-terminal end of GPIIbH is folded against the GPIIbH-(600-700) domain. This map of GPIIb/IIIa does not fit the current accommodation of the amino acid sequence of GPIIb and GPIIIa in the head/two-tails image of the heterodimer obtained by metal-rotary-shadowing electron microscopy.