Silencing of the mitochondrial NADH shuttle component aspartate–glutamate carrier AGC1/Aralar1 in INS-1E cells and rat islets

Abstract

Transfer of reducing equivalents between cytosolic compartments and the mitochondrial matrix is mediated by NADH shuttles. Among these, the malate–aspartate shuttle has been proposed to play a major role in β-cells for the control of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. AGC1 or Aralar1 (aspartate–glutamate carrier 1) is a key component of the malate–aspartate shuttle. Overexpression of AGC1 increases the capacity of the malate–aspartate shuttle, resulting in enhanced metabolism–secretion coupling, both in INS-1E cells and rat islets. In the present study, knockdown of AGC1 was achieved in the same β-cell models, using adenovirus-mediated delivery of shRNA (small-hairpin RNA). Compared with control INS-1E cells, down-regulation of AGC1 blunted NADH formation (−57%; P<0.05), increased lactate production (+16%; P<0.001) and inhibited glucose oxidation (−22%; P<0.01). This correlated with a reduced secretory response at 15 mM glucose (−25%; P<0.05), while insulin release was unchanged at intermediate 7.5 mM and basal 2.5 mM glucose. In isolated rat islets, efficient AGC1 knockdown did not alter insulin exocytosis evoked by 16.7 mM glucose. However, 4 mM amino-oxyacetate, commonly used to block transaminases of the malate–aspartate shuttle, inhibited glucose-stimulated insulin secretion to similar extents in INS-1E cells (−66%; P<0.01) and rat islets (−56%; P<0.01). These results show that down-regulation of the key component of the malate–aspartate shuttle AGC1 reduced glucose-induced oxidative metabolism and insulin secretion in INS-1E cells, whereas similar AGC1 knockdown in rat islets did not affect their secretory response.