Cell polarity during motile processes: keeping on track with the exocyst complex

Abstract

Motile processes are critical for several physiological and pathological situations such as embryonic development, tumour dissemination and metastasis. Migrating cells, or developing neurons, need to establish front–rear polarity consisting of actin-driven extension of the leading edge and traffic of components that are essential for membrane extension and cell adhesion at the front. Previously, several studies have suggested that the exocyst complex is critical for the establishment and maintenance of cell polarity. This octameric complex controls the docking and insertion of exocytic vesicles to growing areas of the plasma membrane. The aim of the present review is to detail recent advances concerning the molecular and structural organization of the exocyst complex that help to elucidate its role in cell polarity. We will also review the function of the exocyst complex and some of its key interacting partners [including the small GTP-binding protein Ral, aPKCs (atypical protein kinase Cs) and proteins involved in actin assembly] in the formation of plasma extensions at the leading edge, growth cone formation during axonal extension and generation of cell movement.