A Practical Approach to the Diagnosis of Lymphedema: a Narrative Review

Abstract

Introduction: Lymphedema often presents as progressive, unremitting swelling and skin changes that are extremely distressing to patients. Hereditary lymphedema (HL) constitutes a type of primary lymphedema that is passed down through generations. Objectives: The primary aims of this narrative review are to illustrate a framework to distinguish lymphedema from other causes of swelling and to differentiate the hereditary lymphedemas from each other. Results: A literature search was undertaken using relevant search terms. The articles were evaluated to generate a diagnostic algorithm to approach the swelling of an extremity using clinical and laboratory data. First, the stemmer sign should be evaluated. If it is negative, other causes should be considered. History and additional physical exam findings suggest either a primary or secondary cause of lymphedema. Conclusions: The hereditary lymphedemas have been classified by age of onset and then stratified by clinical criteria and genetic testing.