Evaluation of Strategies to Enhance Community-Based Naloxone Distribution Supported by an Opioid Settlement

Author:

Zang Xiao1,Skinner Alexandra2,Krieger Maxwell S.2,Behrends Czarina N.3,Park Ju N.4,Green Traci C.5,Walley Alexander Y.6,Morgan Jake R.7,Linas Benjamin P.89,Yedinak Jesse L.2,Schackman Bruce R.3,Marshall Brandon D. L.2

Affiliation:

1. Division of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis

2. Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island

3. Department of Population Health Sciences, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York City, New York

4. Department of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island

5. The Heller School for Social Policy and Management, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts

6. Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, Boston Medical Center and Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts

7. Department of Health Law, Policy & Management, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts

8. Section of Infectious Diseases, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts

9. Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts

Abstract

ImportanceMany US states are substantially increasing community-based naloxone distribution, supported in part through settlements from opioid manufacturers and distributors.ObjectivesTo evaluate the potential impact of increased naloxone availability on opioid overdose deaths (OODs) and explore strategies to enhance this impact by integrating interventions to address solitary drug use.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis decision analytical modeling study used PROFOUND (Prevention and Rescue of Fentanyl and Other Opioid Overdoses Using Optimized Naloxone Distribution Strategies), a previously published simulation model, to forecast annual OODs between January 2023 and December 2025. The simulated study population included individuals from Rhode Island who misused opioids and stimulants and were at risk for opioid overdose.ExposuresThe study modeled expanded naloxone distribution supported by the state’s opioid settlement (50 000 naloxone nasal spray kits each year). Two approaches to expanding naloxone distribution were evaluated: one based on historical spatial patterns of naloxone distribution (supply-based approach) and one based on the spatial distribution of individuals at risk (demand-based approach). In addition, hypothetical interventions to enhance the likelihood of witnessed overdoses in private or semiprivate settings were considered.Main Outcomes and MeasuresAnnual number of OODs and ratio of fatal to nonfatal opioid overdoses.ResultsModeling results indicated that distributing more naloxone supported by the state’s opioid settlement could reduce OODs by 6.3% (95% simulation interval [SI], 0.3%-13.7%) and 8.8% (95% SI, 1.8%-17.5%) in 2025 with the supply-based and demand-based approaches, respectively. However, increasing witnessed overdoses by 20% to 60% demonstrated greater potential for reducing OODs, ranging from 8.5% (95% SI, 0.0%-20.3%) to 24.1% (95% SI, 8.6%-39.3%). Notably, synergistic associations were observed when combining both interventions: increased naloxone distribution with the 2 approaches and a 60% increase in witnessed overdoses could reduce OODs in 2025 by 33.5% (95% SI, 17.1%-50.4%) and 37.4% (95% SI, 19.6%-56.3%), respectively.Conclusions and RelevanceThese findings suggest that interventions to address solitary drug use are needed to maximize the impact of continued efforts to increase community-based naloxone distribution, which may be particularly important for jurisdictions that have strong community-based naloxone distribution programs.

Publisher

American Medical Association (AMA)

Reference34 articles.

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4. Estimating naloxone need in the USA across fentanyl, heroin, and prescription opioid epidemics: a modelling study.;Irvine;Lancet Public Health,2022

5. Comparing projected fatal overdose outcomes and costs of strategies to expand community-based distribution of naloxone in Rhode Island.;Zang;JAMA Netw Open,2022

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