1. Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
2. Penn Center for Perioperative Outcomes Research and Transformation (CPORT), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
3. Penn’s Cardiovascular Outcomes, Quality and Evaluative Research Center (CAVOQER), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
4. Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics (LDI), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
5. Department of Statistics, The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
6. Department of Internal Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
7. Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia
8. Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia