1. Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California, San Francisco
2. Philip R. Lee Institute for Health Policy Studies, University of California, San Francisco
3. Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
4. Department of Health Policy and Management, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut
5. Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale–New Haven Hospital, New Haven, Connecticut
6. Graduate School of Defense Management, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, California
7. National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts