Control Groups in RCTs Supporting Approval of Drugs for Systemic Rheumatic Diseases, 2012-2022

Abstract

ImportanceRandomized clinical trials (RCTs) testing innovative drugs must strive to use optimal control groups to reflect the best available treatments. A comprehensive evaluation of the quality of control groups in pivotal RCTs supporting systemic rheumatic disease (SRD) drug approvals by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is lacking.ObjectiveTo examine the proportion of pivotal RCTs that used optimal control groups among RCTs supporting newly approved SRD drugs in the US over the past decade.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsIn this study, individual RCTs supporting SRD new drug approvals by the FDA between January 2012 and October 2022 were analyzed for design, study duration, control group, and primary end point. The quality of control groups was determined by comparison with published guidelines before and during the trial.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe primary measure was the proportion of RCTs using optimal control groups. Differences in response rate between investigating and control groups and the response rate of placebo control groups were also examined.ResultsBetween January 2012 and October 2022, the FDA approved 44 SRD drugs, involving 65 pivotal RCTs. Overall, 16 RCTs used optimal control groups. In 55 trials, no active groups were used, and more than 80% of these trials were suboptimal (47 trials [85.5%]). Among 56 trials for systemic arthritis, 49 trials used suboptimal control groups, mainly placebo or dose-response controls (47 trials), with a few active controls (2 trials). Studies of other SRDs frequently used placebo or dose-response controls but were considered optimal controls (8 trials). There was significant improvement in response rates of investigating compared with placebo groups, with relative risk mostly exceeding 1.50 (range, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.69-1.17 for anifrolumab to 11.00; 95% CI, 2.69-44.96 for mepolizumab). In all placebo-controlled trials, the median (IQR) response rate in placebo groups was 26.0% (19.2%-32.3%).Conclusions and RelevanceThese findings suggest that the quality of control groups in RCTs leading to SRD drug approval needs improvement and that despite challenges in translating scientific theories to clinical scenarios, it is crucial to consistently prioritize efforts to promote appropriate control group selection to ensure the accurate assessment of innovative drug efficacy.