Prevalence, Incidence, and Reversal Pattern of Childhood Stunting From Birth to Age 2 Years in Ethiopia

Author:

Goddard Frederick G. B.1,Hunegnaw Bezawit Mesfin2,Luu Jonathan3,Haneuse Sebastien J. P. A.3,Zeleke Mesfin4,Mohammed Yahya4,Bekele Chalachew4,Tadesse Daniel4,Solomon Meles5,Bekele Delayehu16,Chan Grace J.127

Affiliation:

1. Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts

2. Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, St Paul’s Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

3. Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts

4. HaSET, St Paul’s Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

5. Maternal, Child and Adolescent health lead executive office, Federal Ministry of Health, Ethiopia

6. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, St Paul’s Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

7. Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts

Abstract

ImportanceAlthough there has been a reduction in stunting (low-height-for-age and low-length-for-age), a proxy of malnutrition, the prevalence of malnutrition in Ethiopia is still high. Child growth patterns and estimates of stunting are needed to increase awareness and resources to improve the potential for recovery.ObjectiveTo estimate the prevalence, incidence, and reversal of stunting among children aged 0 to 24 months.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis population-based cohort study of the Birhan Maternal and Child Health cohort in North Shewa Zone, Amhara, Ethiopia, was conducted between December 2018 and November 2020. Eligible participants included children aged 0 to 24 months who were enrolled during the study period and had their length measured at least once. Data analysis occurred from Month Year to Month Year.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe primary outcome of this study was stunting, defined as length-for-age z score (LAZ) at least 2 SDs below the mean. Z scores were also used to determine the prevalence, incidence, and reversal of stunting at each key time point. Growth velocity was determined in centimeters per month between key time points and compared with global World Health Organization (WHO) standards for the same time periods. Heterogeneity was addressed by excluding outliers in sensitivity analyses using modeled growth trajectories for each child.ResultsA total of 4354 children were enrolled, out of which 3674 (84.4%; 1786 [48.7%] female) had their length measured at least once and were included in this study. The median population-level length was consistently below WHO growth standards from birth to 2 years of age. The observed prevalence of stunting was highest by 2 years of age at 57.4% (95% CI, 54.8%-9 60.0%). Incidence of stunting increased over time and reached 51.0% (95% CI, 45.3%-56.6%) between ages 12 and 24 months. Reversal was 63.5% (95% CI, 54.8%-71.4%) by age 6 months and 45.2% (95% CI, 36.0%-54.8%) by age 2 years. Growth velocity point estimate differences were slowest compared with WHO standards during the neonatal period (−1.4 cm/month for girls and −1.6 cm/month for boys). There was substantial heterogeneity in anthropometric measurements.Conclusions and RelevanceThe evidence from this cohort study highlights a chronically malnourished population with much of the burden associated with growth faltering during the neonatal periods as well as after 6 months of age. To end all forms of malnutrition, growth faltering in populations such as that in young children in Amhara, Ethiopia, needs to be addressed.

Publisher

American Medical Association (AMA)

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