1. Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
2. Department of Anesthesia, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
3. Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
4. Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
5. Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia
6. Penn Center for Perioperative Outcomes Research and Transformation (CPORT), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia
7. Division of Epidemiology and Centre for Pharmacoepidemiology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
8. Department of Internal Medicine, Danderyd University Hospital, Danderyd, Sweden
9. ICES Central, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
10. Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
11. Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
12. Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
13. Section for Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
14. Perioperative Medicine and Intensive Care, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
15. Clinical Epidemiology Division, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
16. Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
17. Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
18. Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada