1. Division of Cardiac Anesthesiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
2. ICES, Ontario, Canada
3. School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
4. Departments of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine and Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
5. Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
6. Department of Anesthesia, St Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
7. Keele Cardiovascular Research Group, Centre for Prognosis Research, Keele University and Institute for Population Health, University of Manchester, United Kingdom