1. Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
2. Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
3. Center for Innovations in Quality, Effectiveness, and Safety, Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Administration Medical Center, Houston, Texas
4. Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
5. HCA Healthcare, HCA Healthcare Research Institute (HRI), Nashville, Tennessee
6. HCA Healthcare, Sarah Cannon, Genospace, Nashville, Tennessee
7. Department of Health Policy and Management, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland