1. Department of Emergency Medicine, Stony Brook University Medical Center, Stony Brook, New York
2. Division of Trauma Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stony Brook University Medical Center, Stony Brook, New York
3. Stamford Health System, Stamford, Connecticut
4. Outcomes Group, VA Medical Center, White River Junction, Vermont5The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, Hanover, New Hampshire