1. Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale–New Haven Hospital, New Haven, Connecticut
2. Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale–New Haven Hospital, New Haven, Connecticut2Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Clinical Scholars Program, the Section of General Internal Medicine, and Section of Rheumat
3. The VA Eastern Colorado Healthcare System, Denver
4. Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora
5. Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts7Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts