1. Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia2Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
2. Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania3Department of Statistics, the Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
3. Center for Outcomes Research, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia
4. Division of Decisions, Risk and Operations, Columbia Business School, New York, New York6Department of Statistics, Columbia University, New York, New York
5. Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia2Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania4Center for Outcomes Research, The Children’s Hospital of Ph