1. Division of Research and Optimal Patient Care, American College of Surgeons, Chicago, Illinois2Surgical Outcomes and Quality Improvement Center (SOQIC), Department of Surgery and Center for Healthcare Studies in the Institute for Public Health and Medicin
2. Surgical Outcomes and Quality Improvement Center (SOQIC), Department of Surgery and Center for Healthcare Studies in the Institute for Public Health and Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
3. American Board of Surgery, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
4. Division of Research and Optimal Patient Care, American College of Surgeons, Chicago, Illinois
5. Division of Research and Optimal Patient Care, American College of Surgeons, Chicago, Illinois5Department of Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles6VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
6. Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee