1. Department of Liberal Arts and Human Development, Kanagawa University of Human Services, Yokosuka, Japan
2. Department of Public Health, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
3. Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
4. Department of Emergency Medicine, Toranomon Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
5. School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
6. Department of Emergency Medicine, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
7. Department of Emergency Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan