1. Department of Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
2. Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
3. Department of Heart and Vascular (Cardiology), Clinical Cardiac Electrophysiology, The Everett Clinic, Everett, Washington
4. Providence Regional Medical Center, Everett, Washington
5. Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
6. Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
7. National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts