1. Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
2. Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
3. Department of Critical Care, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
4. Research Institute of St Joseph’s Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
5. Department of Critical Care Medicine, Alberta Health Services and University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
6. Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
7. O’Brien Institute for Public Health, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
8. Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
9. Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
10. Critical Care Medicine Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
11. College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
12. Department of Emergency and Critical Care, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
13. Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Al Amiri Hospital, Kuwait City, Kuwait
14. Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Sabah Hospital, Kuwait City, Kuwait
15. Department of Internal Medicine, Divisions of Critical Care, Pulmonary, and Sleep Medicine, University of Texas Health-McGovern Medical School, Houston
16. Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
17. University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
18. Department of Intensive Care, College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
19. King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
20. Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
21. King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
22. Division of Critical Care, Niagara Health, St Catharines, Ontario, Canada
23. Department of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada
24. Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Division of Critical Care, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada
25. Department of Anesthesia, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
26. College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
27. King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
28. Intensive Care Department, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
29. Department of Community Health Sciences and O’Brien Institute for Public Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
30. Department of Psychiatry and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
31. Department of Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
32. Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
33. Department of Emergency Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
34. for the COVI-PRONE Trial Investigators and the Saudi Critical Care Trials Group