Intravenous Vitamin C for Patients Hospitalized With COVID-19
Author:
, Florescu Simin 1, Stanciu Delia1, Zaharia Mihaela 1, Kosa Alma1, Codreanu Daniel1, Fareed Komal1, Kidwai Aneela1, Kaye Callum1, Coutts Amanda1, MacKay Lynn1, Summers Charlotte1, Polgarova Petra 1, Farahi Neda1, Fox Eleonore1, Sapsford David1, Bongaerts Katherine1, Featherstone Peter1, Ng Anthony1, McWilliam Stephen1, Hawcutt Daniel1, Rad Laura1, O’Malley Laura1, Whitbread Jennifer1, Jones Dawn1, Dore Rachael1, Saunderson Paula 1, Kelsall Olivia1, Cowley Nicholas1, Wild Laura1, Thrush Jessica1, Wood Hannah1, Austin Karen1, Donnelly Adrian1, Kelly Martin1, Smyth Naoise1, O’Kane Sinéad1, McClintock Declan1, Warnock Majella1, Campbell Ryan 1, McCallion Edmund1, Azaiz Amine1, Charron Cyril1, Godement Mathieu1, Geri Guillaume1, Vieillard-Baron Antoine1, Johnson Paul1, McKenna Shirley1, Hanley Joanne1, Currie Andrew1, Allen Barbara1, McGoldrick Clare 1, McMaster Moyra1, Mani Ashwin1, Mathew Meghena1, Kandeepan Revathi1, Vignesh Chandrashekar1, Ramakrishnan Nagarajan1, James Augustian 1, Elvira Evangeline1, Pratheema Ramachandran1, Babu Suresh1, Ebenezer Rabindrarajan1, Krishnamoorthy S1, Ranganathan Lakshmi1, Ganesan Manisha1, Shree Madhu1, Piva Simone1, Focà Emanuele1, Rizzoni Damiano1, Boari Gianluca1, Marchesi Mattia1, Butler Magdalena1, Cowdrey Keri-Anne1, Mason Brittany1, Woolett Melissa1, Duffy Eamon1, Chen Yan1, Nakamuro Hiromi1, O’Connor Caroline1, West Lauren1, El-Khawas Khaled1, Richardson Angus1, Hill Dianne1, Commons Robert1, Abdelkharim Hussam1, Saxena Manoj1, Muteithia Margaret1, Dobell-Brown Kelsey1, Jha Rajeev1, Kalogirou Michael1, Ellis Christine1, Krishnamurthy Vinodh1, O’Connor Aibhilin1, Thurairatnam Saranya1, Mukherjee Dipak1, Kaliappan Agilan1, Vertue Mark1, Nicholson Anne1, Riches Joanne1, Maloney Gracie1, Kittridge Lauren1, Solesbury Amanda1, Ramos Angelo1, Collins Daniel1, Brickell Kathy1, Reid Liadain1, Smyth Michelle1, Breen Patrick1, Spain Sandra1, Curley Gerard1, McEvoy Natalie1, Geoghegan Pierce1, Clarke Jennifer1, Silversides Jon1, McGuigan Peter1, Ward Kathryn1, O’Neill Aisling1, Finn Stephanie1, Wright Chris1, Green Jackie1, Collins Érin1, Major Emmet1, McAuley Julie1, Carter Angus1, Smith Julie1, Boschert Catherine1, Slieker Kitty1, Ewalds Esther1, Sanders Arnate1, Wittenberg Wendy1, Geurts Heidi1, Poojara Latesh1, Sara Treena1, Nand Kiran1, Reeve Brenda1, Dechert William1, Phillips Barbara 1, Oritz-Ruiz de Gordoa Laura1, Campbell Marion1, Dos Santos Filipa1, Hansen Dan1, Mullan Dee1, Affleck Julia1, Shaikh Arif1, Murray Andrew1, Ramanan Mahesh1, Frakking Thuy1, Pinnell Jez1, Robinson Matt 1, Gledhill Lisa1, Wood Tracy1, Sanghavi Ritesh1, Bhonagiri Deepak1, Ford Megan1, Parikh Harshel G.1, Avard Bronwyn1, Nourse Mary1, McDonald Bree1, Edmunds Natasha1, Hoiting Oscar1, Peters Marco1, Rengers Els1, Bindels Manon1, Evers Mirjam1, Prinssen Anton1, Morgan Matt1, Cole Jade 1, Hill Helen1, Davies Michelle1, Williams Angharad 1, Thomas Emma1, Davies Rhys1, Wise Matt1, Law Daniel1, Grimm Patrick1, Soukup Jens1, Wetzold Richard1, Löbel Madlen1, Starke Lisa1, Lellouche Francois 1, Lizotte Patricia1, Auvet Adrien1, Ravry Celine1, Creange Vanessa1, Boivin Anne-Helene1, Barreau Amélie1, Vandewoestyne Sophie1, Declercq Pierre-Louis1, Marchalot Antoine1, Saladin Cecile1, Gelinotte Stephanie1, Eraldi Jean-Pierre1, Bourgerol François1, Beuzelin Marion1, Jean-Philippe Rigaud1, Pourcine Franck1, Monchi Mehran1, Pradel Gael1, Hausermann Marie-Helene1, Boudineau Michel1, Nguyen-Valat Thi-My-Hue1, Guitton Christophe1, Marnai Remy1, Leroyer Marie-Helene1, Landais Michaël1, Darreau Cedric1, Saint Martin Marjorie1, Tirot Patrice1, Chudeau Nicolas1, Brasselet Aurélie1, Volkov Lev1, Callahan Jean-Christophe1, Meunier Juliette1, Douillard Thomas1, Le Basnier Elliot1, Veillard Marion1, Vivier Dominique1, Luis David1, Mercier Romain1, Sagnier Anne1, Verrier Nathalie1, Caplin Cecile1, Richecoeur Jack1, Combaux Daniele1, Siami Shidasp1, Aparicio Christelle1, Vautier Sarah1, Jeblaoui Asma1, Lemaire-Brunel Delphine1, D’Aragon Frédérick1, Bérard Dominique1, Grondin-Beaudoin Brian1, Leclair Marc-André1, Lesur Olivier1, Mayette Michaël1, Poulin Yannick1, Quiroz-Martinez Hector1, St-Arnaud Charles1, Carbonneau Elaine1, Bolduc Brigitte1, Bélisle Julie1, Bouchard Marie-Pier1, Côté Line1, Martineau Joannie1, Naisby Alexandra1, Robert-Petit Louise1, Thibault Marie-Ève1, Leblond Julie1, Plantefeve Gaetan 1, Leparco Cécile1, Contou Damien1, Fartoukh Muriel1, Courtin Laura1, Labbe Vincent1, Voiriot Guillaume1, Salhi Sara1, Chassé Michaël1, Pierre Aslanian1, Bélisle Sylvain1, Carrier François Martin1, Charbonney Emmanuel1, Girard Martin1, Guimond Jean-Gilles1, Halwagi Antoine1, Kolan Christophe1, Robillard Nicholas1, Boumahni Dounia 1, Benettaib Fatna1, Cantin Marie-Ève1, Coutu-Beaudry Katherine1, Ghamraoui Ali1, Lamothe Francesca1, Lebrasseur Martine1, Prie Cindy1, Salamé Maya1, Archambault Patrick1, Côté Émilie1, Beaudoin Rosalie1, Noel-Hunter Monia1, Boutin Mireille1, Couture Laurie1, Sement Arnaud1, Gachet Alexandre1, Hanisch Alexis1, Haffiane Abdelmagid1, Boivin Anne-Hélène1, Barreau Amelie1, Guerineau Elodie1, Poupblanc Séverine1, Egreteau Pierre-Yves1, Lefevre Montaine1, Bocher Simon1, Le Loup Guillaume1, Le Guen Lenaïg1, Carn Vanessa1, Bertel Melanie1, Antcliffe David1, Templeton Maie 1, Rojo Roceld1, Coghlan Phoebe1, Smee Joanna 1, Barker Gareth1, Finn André1, Kreß Gabriele1, Hoff Uwe1, Hinrichs Carl1, Nee Jens1, Mackay Euan 1, Cort Jon1, Whileman Amanda1, Spencer Thomas1, Spittle Nick1, Beavis Sarah1, Padmakumar Anand1, Dale Katie1, Hawes Joanne1, Moakes Emma1, Gascoyne Rachel 1, Pritchard Kelly1, Stevenson Lesley1, Cooke Justin1, Nemeth-Roszpopa Karolina1, Adhikari Sheetal1, Gauli Basanta1, Kunwar Puja1, Muller Grégoire1, Nay Mai-Anh1, Kamel Toufik1, Benzekri Dalila1, Jacquier Sophie1, Runge Isabelle1, Mathonnet Armelle1, Barbier François1, Bretagnol Anne1, Carter Jay1, Van Der Heyden Kymbalee1, Mehrtens Jan1, Morris Anna1, Morgan Stacey1, Burke Tara1, Mercier Emmanuelle1, Chartier Delphine1, Salmon Charlotte1, Dequin Pierre-François1, Garot Denis1, Quenot Jean Pierre1, Garrier Ludivine1, Villot Solenne1, Audry Mathilde1, Brassard Eric1, Francoeur Charles1, Lauzier François1, Leblanc Guillaume1, St-Onge Maude1, Bellemare David1, Cloutier Ève 1, Daher Rana 1, Costerousse Olivier1, Boulanger Marie-Claude1, Couillard-Chénard Émilie1, Mallard Louis-Charles1, Thibeault Frédérique1, Tremblay Antoine1, Francois Bruno1, Gay Alexandra1, Anne-Laure Fedou1, Ramali Mohamed1, HC Ooi1, Ghosh Alison1, Osagie Rawlings1, Arachchige Malka1, Hartley Melissa1, Shu Ki Lok Jennifer1, Plummer Bethany1, Hin Lui Lok1, Bloomfield Jack1, Balls-Burgess Sam1, Seigne Patick1, Philip Annlin1, Cleary Joanne1, O'Neill Lorraine1, Kelly Niamh1, Bamford Peter1, Reid Andrew1, Cawley Kathryn1, Faulkner Maria1, Pickering Charlotte1, Raj Ashok 1, Tsinaslanidis Georgios1, Khade Reena 1, Agha Gloria1, Sekiwala Rose1, Smith Tim1, Brewer Chris1, Gregory Jane1, Limb James1, Cowton Amanda1, O’Brien Julie1, Postlethwaite Kelly1, Malakouti Salim1, Music Edvin1, Ricketts Dan1, King Andrew1, Clermont Gilles1, Bart Robert1, Mayr Florian1, Schoenling Andrew1, Andreae Mark1, Shetty Varun1, Brant Emily1, Malley Brian1, Donadee Chenell1, Horvat Christopher1, Girard Timothy1, Sackrowitz Rachel1, Weissman Alexandra1, Yealy Donald1, Barton David1, Talia Nadine1, Nikitas Nikitas1, Wells Colin1, McMillan Helen1, Stowe Bethan1, Spencer Kayleigh1, Stapleton Liana1, van den Oever Huub1, Kruisdijk-Gerritsen Arriette1, Haidar Ghady 1, Bain William1, Barbash Ian1, Fitzpatrick Meghan1, Kitsios Georgios1, Moghbeli Kaveh1, Rosborough Brian1, Shah Faraaz1, Suber Tomeka1, Stanley Timothy1, Castle James1, Carr Zoe1, Alegria Ana1, Turki Salah1, Elsefi Tarek1, Crisp Nikki1, Allen Louise1, Truman Nicholas1, Smith Matthew1, Chukkambotla Sri1, Goddard Wendy1, Duberley Stephen1, Khan Meherunnisa1, Kazi Aayesha1, Simpson Joanna1, Duke Graeme1, Chan Peter1, Carter Brittney1, Hunter Stephanie1, Voigt Ingo1, Schueler Robert1, Blank Elisabeth1, Hüning Vanessa1, Steffen Melanie1, Goralski Patricia1, Regli Adrian1, Pellicano Susan1, Palermo Annamaria1, Eroglu Ege1, Bihari Shailesh1, Laver Russell D.1, Shrestha Tapaswi1, Jin Xia1, McIntyre Joanne1, McCullagh Iain1, Cairns Tom1, Hanson Helen1, Patel Bijal1, Clement Ian1, Evetts George1, Touma Omar 1, Holland Susan1, Hodge Christopher1, Taylor Holly1, Alderman Meera1, Barnes Nicky1, Da Rocha Joana1, Smith Catherine1, Brooks Nicole1, Weerasinghe Thanuja1, Sinclair Julie-Ann1, Abusamra Yousuf1, Doherty Ronan1, Cudlipp Joanna 1, Singh Rajeev1, Yu Haili1, Daebis Admad 1, NG Christopher1, Kendrick Sara 1, Saran Anita1, Makky Ahmed 1, Greener Danni1, Rowe-Leete Louise1, Edwards Alexandra1, Bland Yvonne1, Dolman Rozzie1, Foster Tracy1, Conway Robert1, Csabi Peter1, Szawarski Piotr1, Hajdu Bence1, Tamm Tina1, Bryden Emma1, Glynou Loukia1, Graniewski Jaroslaw1, Kuybida Yuriy1, Jones Samantha1, Kavanagh Lisa1, Singler Karen1, Laffey John1, McNicholas Bairbre1, Scully Michael1, Casey Siobhan 1, Kernan Maeve1, Brennan Aoife1, Rangan Ritika1, Tully Riona1, Corbett Sarah1, McCarthy Aine 1, Duffy Oscar1, Burke David1, Linnett Vanessa1, Sanderson Amanda1, Ritzema Jenny1, Wild Helen1, Lucas Rachael1, Marriott Yvonne1, Khare Divya1, Pinder Meredith1, Gopinath Amitha 1, Kannan Thogulava1, Dean Steven1, Vanmali Piyush1, Depuydt Pieter1, De Waele Jan1, De Bus Liesbet1, Fierens Jan1, Bracke Stephanie1, Vermassen Joris1, Vermeiren Daisy1, Van Hecke Jolien1, De Smeytere Anouska1, Pugh Richard1, Lean Richard1, Qiu Xinyi1, Scanlan Jeremy1, Evans Andrew1, Davies Gwyneth1, Lewis Joanne1, Rees Stephanie1, MacKay Callum1, Craddock Richard1, Davies Jennifer1, Williams Hannah1, Manley Rachel1, Garrod Esther1, Tee Ameilia1, Plesnikova Yvonna1, Khoud Ahmed1, Coetzee Samantha1, Puxty Kathryn1, Cathcart Susanne1, Rimmer Dominic1, Bagot Catherine1, Scott Kathryn1, Martin Laila1, MacTavish Pamela1, Murphy Ryan1, Carmichael Samantha1, Tait Jennifer1, Nygren Maria1, Yusuff Hakeem1, Isgro Graziella1, Brightling Chris1, Bourne Michelle1, Craner Michelle1, Boyles Rebecca1, Alexander Brian1, Roberts Tracey1, Nelli Apoorva1, Rosenstein-Sisson Rachel1, Speyer Rebecca1, Pech Yadira1, McCullough James1, Tallott Mandy1, Vazquez-Grande Gloria1, Marten Nicole1, Liu Theresa1, Siddiqui Atif1, Khanal Sushil1, Amatya Sameena1, Shrestha Sabita1, Pathak Shreya1, Mali Sharmila1, Bhattarai Bina1, Szakmany Tamas 1, Cherian Shiney1, Williams Gemma1, James Christie1, Waters Abby1, Duric Natalie1, Almeshhedani Hasham1, Jesty Robert1, Spiers Catriona1, Prout Rachel1, Stedman Roger1, Davies Louisa1, Pegler Suzannah1, Kyeremeh Lynsey1, Moorhouse Louise1, Watters Malcolm1, Arbane Gill1, Bociek Aneta1, Ostermann Marlies1, D’Amato Fabiola1, GrauNovellas Neus1, Mathew Moncy1, Lim Rosario1, van Nieuwkoop Kees1, Ottens Thomas1, Visser Yorik1, van den Berg Lettie 1, van der Kraan-Donker Annemarie1, Meade Maureen1, Belley-Côté Émilie1, Hand Lori1, Brett Stephen1, Arias Sonia 1, Hall Rebecca1, Paneru Hem1, Koirala Sabin1, Paudel Pratibha1, Shakya Roshni1, Kayastha Srijana1, Karki Rakshya1, Wilson Maggie1, Vaara Suvi1, Pettilä Leena1, Heinonen Jonna1, Pettilä Ville1, Jain Susan1, Gupta Abhinav1, Holbrook Catherine 1, Antoine Pierre1, Meziani Ferhat1, Allam Hayat1, Cattelan Jessy1, Clere-Jehl Raphael1, Helms Julie1, Kummerlen Christine1, Merdji Hamid1, Monnier Alexandra1, Rahmani Hassene1, Antoine Studer1, Schneider Francis1, Castelain Vincent1, Morel Guillaume1, L’Hotellier Sylvie1, Ochin Evelina1, Vanjak Christian1, Rouge Patrick1, Bendjemar Lynda1, Albert Martin1, Serri Karim1, Cavayas Alexandros1, Duplaix Mathilde1, Williams Virginie1, Catorze Nuno José Teodoro Amaro dos Santos1, Pereira Tiago Nuno Alfaro Lima1, Ferreira Ricardo Manuel Castro1, Bastos Joana Margarida Pereira Sousa1, Batista Teresa Margarida Oliveira1, Badie Julio1, Berdaguer Fernando1, Malfroy Sylvain1, Mezher Chaouki1, Bourgoin Charlotte1, Moneger Guy1, Bouvier Elodie1, Muñoz-Bermúdez Rosana1, Marin-Corral Judith1, Degracia Anna1, Gómez Francisco1, López Maria1, Pérez-Terán Purificación1, Vilá Clara1, Bigas Judit1, Roche-Campo Ferran1, Franch-LLasat Diego1, Concha Pablo1, Domingo-Marco Joana1, Reverté-Villarroya Silvia1, Sauras-Colón Esther1, Masdeu-Eixarch Gaspar1, Aceto Romina1, Aghemo Alessio1, Badalamenti Salvatore1, Brunetta Enrico1, Ciccarelli Michele1, Constantini Elena1, Greco Massimiliano1, Folci Marco1, Selmi Carlo1, Voza Antonio1, Occhipinti Giovanna1, Constantino Claudia1, Cuffaro Raffaele1, Russelli Giovanna1, Martucci Gennaro1, Landoni Giovanni1, Aldo Bonizzoni Matteo1, Galbiati Carola1, Nakhnoukh Cristina1, Lembo Rosalba1, Mascherpa Glenda1, Giardina Giuseppe1, Belletti Alessandro1, Ripa Marco1, Rovere-Querini Patrizia1, Di Lucca Giuseppe1, Bonaccorso Alessandra1, Alessandro Carà Gianmarco1, Russo Giada1, Salvati Stefano1, Tomasi Enrico1, Henning Jeremy1, Bonner Stephen1, Hugill Keith1, Cirstea Emanuel 1, Wilkinson Dean1, Jones Jessica1, Altomy Mohammed1, Headlam Evie1, Karlikowski Michal1, Sutherland Helen1, Wilhelmsen Elva1, Woods Jane1, North Julie1, Brodbeck Andreas1, Mackintosh Katherine1, Garvey James1, Bothma Pieter1, Tupper-Carey Daryl1, Ikhena Ikhuemose1, Osborne Jason1, Waugh Victoria1, Pletz Mathias1, Hagel Stefan1, Ankert Juliane1, Kolanos Steffi1, Bloos Frank1, Simons Koen1, van Zuylen Tamara1, Bouman Angela1, Kumar Nikhil1, Panwar Rakshit1, Poulter Amber-Louise1, Sunkara Krishna1, Rochwerg Bram1, Karachi Tim1, Oczkowski Simon1, Centofanti John1, Millen Tina1, Camargo Mercedes1, Khaled Alia1, Sundaran Dhinesh1, Hollos Laszlo1, Williams Anna1, Turns Margaret 1, Walsh Joanne 1, Al Qasim Eman1, Alswaidan Lolowa1, Hegazy Mohamed1, Arishi Hatim1, Al Amri Ali1, AlQahtani Samah1, Naidu Brintha1, Tlayjeh Haytham1, Hussain Sajid1, Al Enezi Farhan1, Abdukahil Sheryl Ann1, Hopkins Phil1, Smith John1, Noble Harriet 1, O’Reilly Kevin1, Mehta Reena1, Wong Onyee 1, Makanju Esther1, Rao Deepak1, Sikondari Nyma 1, Saha Sian1, Corcoran Ele1, Pappa Evita1, Cockrell Maeve1, Donegan Clare1, Balaie Morteza1, Depante Maria1, Nickoleit-Bitzenberger Daniela1, Schaaf Bernhard1, Meermeier Werner1, Prebeg Katharina1, Azzaui Harun1, Hower Martin1, Brieger Klaus-Gerd1, Elender Corinna1, Sabelhaus Timo1, Riepe Ansgar1, Akamp Ceren1, Kremling Julius1, Klein Daniela1, Landsiedel-Mechenbier Elke1, Laha Shondipon1, Verlander Mark1, Williams Alexandra1, Jha Avinash1, Megarbane Bruno1, Voicu Sebastian1, Deye Nicolas1, Malissin Isabelle1, Sutterlin Laetitia1, Mrad Aymen1, Lehalleur Adrien1, Naim Giulia1, Nguyen Philippe1, Ekhérian Jean-Michel1, Boué Yvonnick1, Sidéris Georgios1, Vodovar Dominique1, Guérin Emmanuelle1, Grant Caroline1, Brain Matthew1, Mckeon Laurie1, Chen Lixian1, Tresize Tarnya1, Unwin Maria1, Laugs Fabian1, Lunde Ragnar1, Blanck Wendy1, Paramasivam Elankumaran1, Wilby Elizabeth1, Ogg Bethan1, Howcroft Clare1, Aspinwall Angelique1, Charlton Sam1, Gould Richard1, Mistry Deena1, Awan Sidra1, Bedford Caroline1, Carr-Wilkinson Joanne 1, Hall Andrew1, Cooke Jill1, Gardiner-Hill Caroline1, Maloney Carolyn1, Brunskill Nigel1, Watchorn Olivia1, Hardy Chloe1, Qureshi Hafiz1, Flint Neil1, Nicholson Sarah1, Southin Sara1, Nicholson Andrew1, Ghattaoraya Amardeep1, Harding Daniel1, O’Halloran Sinead1, Collins Amy1, Smith Emma1, Trues Estefania1, Borgatta Barbara1, Turner-Bone Ian1, Reddy Amie1, Wilding Laura1, Wilson Craig1, Surti Zuhra1, Aneman Anders1, Dugan Christopher1, Chin Edison1, Miller Jennene1, White Hayden1, Estensen Kristen1, Morrison Lynette1, Sutton Joanne1, Cooper Melanie1, Warnapura Loku1, Agno Ronan1, Sathianathan Prasannakumari 1, Shaw Deborah1, Ijaz Nazia1, Spong Adam1, Sabaretnam Suganya1, Burns Dean1, Lang Eva1, Tate Margaret1, Fischer Roy1, Biradar Vishwanath1, Soar Natalie1, Golden David1, Davey Miriam1, Seaman Rebecca1, Osborne Alexander1, Bannard-Smith Jonathan1, Clark Richard1, Birchall Kathrine1, Henry Joanne1, Pomeroy Fiona1, Quayle Rachael1, Wylie Katharine1, Sukuraman Anila1, John Maya1, Sibin Sindhu1, Leditschke Anne1, Finnis Mackenzie1, Jongebloed Katherine1, Roumen Rudy1, de Groot Klaas1, Khwaja Kosar1, Campisi Josie1, van Vonderen Marit1, Stienstra Riejanne1, Kampschreur Linda1, Pietersma Mario1, van Gulik Laura1, Makowski Arystarch1, Misztal Beata1, Haider Syeda1, Liao Angela1, Squires Rebecca1, Oborska Aneta1, Kayani Abdul1, Kalchko-Veyssal Selver1, Prabakaran Rajalakshmi1, Hadebe Bernard1, Williams Tony1, Song Rima1, Girijadevi Dinuraj1, Lai Vivian1, Morpeth Susan1, Mwembani Tina1, Stewart Richard1, Mwaura Esther1, Mew Louise1, Wren Lynn1, Willams Felicity1, Sutherland Sara-Beth1, Rebello Rashmi1, Rehman Atique1, Bharaj Kiranjit1, Shehabi Yahya1, Al-Bassam Wisam1, Hulley Amanda1, Kadam Umesh1, Sathianathan Kushaharan1, Burgess Richard1, Doble Patricia1, Graham Libby1, Shovelton Charmaine1, Dean Tessa1, Purnell Rebecca1, Thomas Ashly1, Masood Sobia1, Salahuddin Nawal1, Khanal Kishor1, Dheke Krishan1, Rai Namrata1, Maharjan Mili1, Aryal Diptesh1, Koirala Kanchan1, Luitel Subekshya1, Seppelt Ian1, Whitehead Christina1, Lowrey Julie1, Gresham Rebecca1, Masters Kristy1, Hamlyn Vincent1, Hawkins Nancy1, Roynon-Reed Anna1, Cutler Sean1, Lewis Sarah1, Martin-Lazaro Juan1, Newman Tabitha1, Zdanavidiene Ausra1, Smallshaw Karen1, Hand James1, Aravindan Latha1, Asghar Adeeba1, Bartholomew Jazz1, Bayne Madeleine1, Beddows Seonaid1, Birch Catherine1, Brend Morwenna1, Byrne Rahim1, Campbell Debbie1, Campbell Hilary1, Chambers Emma1, Clinton Alison1, Collins Joanne1, Crawshaw Sarah1, Dawson Laura Ann1, Donaldson Kate1, Drake Chelsea1, Dyas Sarah1, Ellis Yvette1, Gilmour Kate1, Goodwin Jayne1, Halden Sandra1, Hall Alistair S1, Hanson Jane1, Harper Heather1, Harrison Susan1, Hayes Amber1, Hodgson Helen1, Hurford Sally-Anne1, Jackson Shane1, Levett Chris1, Lock Stephen1, Lockett Teresa1, Logan Meg1, Lomme Kaatje1, Luo Ji1, Marsh Emma1, McKenna Sonia1, Mguni Nhlanhla1, Monaghan Holly1, Murphy Sheenagh1, Muzengi Natasha1, Naz Mobeena1, O'Kell Eleanor1, Oliver Anne1, O'Reilly Joanna1, Pearson Karen1, Porter David1, Potter Alison1, Rook Clare1, Rounds Charles1, Sheffield Jonathan1, Shirley Kim1, Siewerski Chris1, Skinner Tabitha1, Speight Holly1, Sutu Mihaela1, Unsworth Adam1, Van’t Hoff William1, Walker Susan1, Williams Penny1, Williamson Dawn1, Williamson James D1, Tsang Jennifer1, Duan Erick1, Ali Karim1, Farjou George1, Chung Han-Oh1, Jensen Lorraine1, Patterson Lisa1, Nielsen-Smith Diane1, Becevel Julia1, Cavers Christine1, Ding Josephine1, irish Jamie1, Jomy Jane1, Austin Pauline1, Chapman Susan1, Cabrelli Louise1, Fletcher Simon1, Nortje Jurgens1, Fottrell-Gould Deirdre1, Randell Georgina1, Stammers Katie1, Healey Gail1, Pinto Marta1, Woodward Robert1, Oliver Martyn1, Harvey James1, Convery Karen1, Brown Zarah1, Taylor Sian1, Fraser Catherine1, Glister Georgina1, Hindle Grace1, O Rourke Kate1, Borrill Zoe1, Duncan Tracy1, Ustianowski Andrew1, Uriel Alison1, Eltayeb Ayaa1, Alfonso Jordan1, Hey Samuel1, Shaw Joanne1, Fox Claire1, Lindergard Gabriella1, Charles Bethan1, Blackledge Bethany1, Connolly Karen1, Harris Jade1, Cuesta Jeronimo1, Xavier Kugan1, Purohit Dharam1, Elhassan Munzir1, Haldeos Anne1, Vincent Rachel1, Abdelrazik Marwa1, Jenkins Samuel1, Ganesan Arunkumar1, Kumar Rohit1, Carter David1, Bakthavatsalam Dhanalakshmi1, Frater Alasdair1, Saleem Malik1, Madarbukus Daanyaal1, Everitt Robert1, Bridges Sarah1, Karim Hina1, Zaman Mohsin1, Elmahi Einas1, Jones Andrea1, Hall Kathryn1, Phillips Matt1, Terrill Lenae1, Mills Gary1, Raithatha Ajay1, Bauchmuller Kris1, Ryalls Kim1, Harrington Kate1, Bowler Helen1, Sall Jas1, Bourne Richard1, Howell Alice1, Lye Alison1, Kirk Rosemary1, Jarman Claire1, Yates Bryan1, Kilner Mari1, Bomken Charlotte1, Reynolds Jessica1, Gross Jamie1, Massey Natalie1, Adebambo Olumide1, Long Matilda1, Tony Kiran1, Kohli Sonny1, Cui Fulan1, Khera Vikas1, Rehsia Sachdeep1, Perez Adic1, Bharti Dalisha1, Handa Surbhi1, Shields Fiona1, Henschke Alice1, Juffermans Nicole1, Koopmans Matty1, Rowland Matthew1, Hutton Paula1, Bashyal Archana1, Davidson Neil1, Hird Clare1, Beer Sally1, Wilson Jean1, Polley Grace1, Chhablani Manish1, Phalod Gunjan1, Kirkby Amy1, Archer Simon1, Netherton Kimberley 1, Reschreiter Henrik1, Camsooksai Julie1, Patch Sarah1, Jenkins Sarah1, Humphrey Charlotte1, Langridge Emma1, Flynn Gordon1, Harrington Claire1, Kruger Peter1, Walsham James1, Meyer Jason1, Harward Meg1, Mackay Josephine1, Jones Cassie1, Sathe Sonia1, Roche Lisa1, Davies Ellie1, Skinner Denise1, Gaylard Jane1, Newman Julie1, Pogson David1, Rose Steve1, Daly Zoe1, Brimfield Lutece1, Nown Angie1, Parekh Dhruv1, Bergin Colin1, Bates Michelle1, McGhee Christopher1, Lynch Daniella1, Bhandal Khushpreet1, Tsakiridou Kyriaki1, Bamford Amy1, Cooper Lauren1, Whitehouse Tony1, Veenith Tonny1, Forster Elliot1, O'Connell Martin1, Page Shannon1, Haider Nafeesah1, Adams Nick1, Sim Malcolm1, Hay Sophie1, Henderson Steven1, Valentine Eliza1, Ralston Maximillian1, McCreath Gordan1, Arnott Andrew1, Orlikowska Izabela1, Parker Natasha1, Katary Amro1, Bell Gillian1, Wilcox Louise1, Mataliotakis Michail1, Smith Paul1, Ali Murtaza1, Isguzar Agah1, Phull Mandeep-Kaur1, Zaidi Abbas1, Pogreban Tatiana1, Rosaroso Lace1, O’Brien Neale1, Visentin Elisa1, Harvey Daniel1, Lowe Benjamin1, Meredith Megan1, Ryan Lucy1, Clark Amy1, Peters Cecilia1, Walton Catherine1, Joseph Treesa1, Gibbins Alexandra1, Sampson Julia1, Morris Lucy1, Dent Martin1, Haghi Theerata1, Schouten Jeroen1, Pickkers Peter1, Roovers Noortje1, Klop-Riehl Margreet1, van der Eng Hetty1, van de Veerdonk Frank1, Sloots-Cuppen Sonja1, Preijers Lieke1, Polfliet Margot1, Heming Nicholas1, Moine Pierre1, Maxime Virginie1, Bossard Isabelle1, Nicholier Tiphaine1, Clair Bernard1, Orlikowski David1, Bounab Rania1, Abdeladim Lilia1, Baker Stuart1, Tabah Alexis1, Duroux Maree1, Ratcliffe Megan1, Sy Eric1, Mailman Jonathan1, Lee Stephen1, Kassir Sandy1, England Jenna1, López Rafael1, 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Ishara 1, Detry Michelle1, Fitzgerald Mark1, Lewis Roger1, McGlothlin Anna1, Saunders Christina1, Berry Lindsay1, Lorenzi Elizabeth1, Adhikari Neill K. J.23, Hashmi Madiha4, Tirupakuzhi Vijayaraghavan Bharath Kumar56, Haniffa Rashan78, Beane Abi78, Webb Steve A.910, Angus Derek C.1112, Gordon Anthony C.1314, Cook Deborah J.151617, Guyatt Gordon H.17, Berry Lindsay R.18, Lorenzi Elizabeth18, Mouncey Paul R.19, Au Carly19, Pinto Ruxandra2, Ménard Julie20, Sprague Sheila21, Masse Marie-Hélène20, Huang David T.22, Heyland Daren K.23, Nichol Alistair D.9242526, McArthur Colin J.27, de Man Angelique28, Al-Beidh Farah29, Annane Djillali3031, Anstey Matthew3233, Arabi Yaseen M.3435, Battista Marie-Claude20, Berry Scott18, Bhimani Zahra36, Bonten Marc J. M.3738, Bradbury Charlotte A.39, Brant Emily B.40, Brunkhorst Frank M.41, Burrell Aidan2642, Buxton Meredith43, Cecconi Maurizio4445, Cheng Allen C.4647, Cohen Dian4849, Cove Matthew E.50, Day Andrew G.51, Derde Lennie P. G.3852, Detry Michelle A.18, Estcourt Lise J.5354, Fagbodun Elizabeth O.55, Fitzgerald Mark18, Goossens Herman56, Green Cameron9, Higgins Alisa M.9, Hills Thomas E.57, Ichihara Nao58, Jayakumar Devachandran59, Kanji Salmaan6061, Khoso Muhammad Nasir62, Lawler Patrick R.636465, Lewis Roger J.18, Litton Edward66, Marshall John C.67, McAuley Daniel F.6869, McGlothlin Anna18, McGuinness Shay P.577071, McQuilten Zoe K.72, McVerry Bryan J.73, Murthy Srinivas74, Parke Rachael L.577075, Parker Jane C.24, Reyes Luis Felipe7677, Rowan Kathryn M.19, Saito Hiroki78, Salahuddin Nawal79, Santos Marlene S.80, Saunders Christina T.18, Seymour Christopher W.40, Shankar-Hari Manu8182, Tolppa Timo83, Trapani Tony71, Turgeon Alexis F.8485, Turner Anne M.57, Udy Andrew A.7186, van de Veerdonk Frank L.87, Zarychanski Ryan88, Lamontagne François2089
Affiliation:
1. The LOVIT-COVID Investigators, on behalf of the Canadian Critical Care Trials Group, and the REMAP-CAP Investigators 2. Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada 3. Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada 4. Department of Critical Care Medicine, Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan 5. Department of Critical Care Medicine, Apollo Hospitals, Chennai, India 6. George Institute for Global Health India, New Delhi 7. Centre for Inflammation Research, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland 8. Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Bangkok, Thailand 9. Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia 10. St John of God Health Care, Perth, Australia 11. University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 12. University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 13. Division of Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine, and Intensive Care, Imperial College London, London, England 14. St Mary’s Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, England 15. Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada 16. Department of Critical Care, St Joseph’s Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada 17. Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada 18. Berry Consultants LLC, Austin, Texas 19. Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre, London, England 20. Research Centre of the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada 21. Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada 22. School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 23. Department of Critical Care Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada 24. Faculty of Medicine, Nursing, and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Australia 25. University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland 26. Alfred Health, Melbourne, Australia 27. Department of Critical Care Medicine, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand 28. Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, the Netherlands 29. Imperial College London, London, England 30. UVSQ University Paris Saclay, Institut-Hospitalo Universitaire Prometheus, Paris, France 31. Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, Hôpital Raymond-Poincaré, Garches, France 32. Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Australia 33. University of Western Australia, Perth 34. King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia 35. King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia 36. St Michael’s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada 37. Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands 38. European Clinical Research Alliance on Infectious Diseases, Utrecht, the Netherlands 39. University of Bristol, Bristol, England 40. Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 41. Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany 42. Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia 43. Global Coalition for Adaptive Research, Larkspur, California 44. Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy 45. IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy 46. Monash Infectious Disease, Monash Health and School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Australia 47. School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia 48. Bishop’s University, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada 49. Massawippi Valley Foundation, Ayer’s Cliff, Quebec, Canada 50. Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 51. Kingston Health Sciences Centre and Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada 52. Intensive Care Centre, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands 53. Department of Haematology, NHS Blood and Transplant, Bristol, England 54. Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, England 55. Imperial Clinical Trials Unit, Imperial College London, London, England 56. Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium 57. Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington 58. Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, School of Medicine, Jikei University, Tokyo, Japan 59. Dr Kamakshi Memorial Hospital Apollo, Chennai, India 60. Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada 61. Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada 62. South City Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan 63. University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada 64. University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada 65. McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada 66. Fiona Stanley Hospital, Department of Intensive Care Unit, University of Western Australia, Perth 67. Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada 68. Queen’s University of Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland 69. Centre for Infection and Immunity, Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, Northern Ireland 70. Auckland City Hospital, Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit, Auckland, New Zealand 71. Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia 72. Monash University, Monash Health, Clayton, Australia 73. Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 74. Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada 75. School of Nursing, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand 76. Department of Infectious Diseases, Universidad de La Sabana, Chia, Colombia 77. Department of Critical Care Medicine, Clinica Universidad de La Sabana, Chia, Colombia 78. Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, St Marianna University Yokohama Seibu Hospital, Yokohama, Japan 79. National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Karachi, Pakistan 80. Department of Critical Care, St Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada 81. Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland 82. Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, NHS Lothian, Edinburgh, Scotland 83. National Intensive Care Surveillance, Colombo, Sri Lanka 84. Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada 85. Population Health and Optimal Health Practices Research Unit, Departments of Traumatology, Emergency Medicine, and Critical Care Medicine, Université Laval Research Center, CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada 86. Department of Intensive Care and Hyperbaric Medicine, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia 87. Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands 88. Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada 89. Department of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
Abstract
ImportanceThe efficacy of vitamin C for hospitalized patients with COVID-19 is uncertain.ObjectiveTo determine whether vitamin C improves outcomes for patients with COVID-19.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsTwo prospectively harmonized randomized clinical trials enrolled critically ill patients receiving organ support in intensive care units (90 sites) and patients who were not critically ill (40 sites) between July 23, 2020, and July 15, 2022, on 4 continents.InterventionsPatients were randomized to receive vitamin C administered intravenously or control (placebo or no vitamin C) every 6 hours for 96 hours (maximum of 16 doses).Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe primary outcome was a composite of organ support–free days defined as days alive and free of respiratory and cardiovascular organ support in the intensive care unit up to day 21 and survival to hospital discharge. Values ranged from –1 organ support–free days for patients experiencing in-hospital death to 22 organ support–free days for those who survived without needing organ support. The primary analysis used a bayesian cumulative logistic model. An odds ratio (OR) greater than 1 represented efficacy (improved survival, more organ support–free days, or both), an OR less than 1 represented harm, and an OR less than 1.2 represented futility.ResultsEnrollment was terminated after statistical triggers for harm and futility were met. The trials had primary outcome data for 1568 critically ill patients (1037 in the vitamin C group and 531 in the control group; median age, 60 years [IQR, 50-70 years]; 35.9% were female) and 1022 patients who were not critically ill (456 in the vitamin C group and 566 in the control group; median age, 62 years [IQR, 51-72 years]; 39.6% were female). Among critically ill patients, the median number of organ support–free days was 7 (IQR, −1 to 17 days) for the vitamin C group vs 10 (IQR, −1 to 17 days) for the control group (adjusted proportional OR, 0.88 [95% credible interval {CrI}, 0.73 to 1.06]) and the posterior probabilities were 8.6% (efficacy), 91.4% (harm), and 99.9% (futility). Among patients who were not critically ill, the median number of organ support–free days was 22 (IQR, 18 to 22 days) for the vitamin C group vs 22 (IQR, 21 to 22 days) for the control group (adjusted proportional OR, 0.80 [95% CrI, 0.60 to 1.01]) and the posterior probabilities were 2.9% (efficacy), 97.1% (harm), and greater than 99.9% (futility). Among critically ill patients, survival to hospital discharge was 61.9% (642/1037) for the vitamin C group vs 64.6% (343/531) for the control group (adjusted OR, 0.92 [95% CrI, 0.73 to 1.17]) and the posterior probability was 24.0% for efficacy. Among patients who were not critically ill, survival to hospital discharge was 85.1% (388/456) for the vitamin C group vs 86.6% (490/566) for the control group (adjusted OR, 0.86 [95% CrI, 0.61 to 1.17]) and the posterior probability was 17.8% for efficacy.Conclusions and RelevanceIn hospitalized patients with COVID-19, vitamin C had low probability of improving the primary composite outcome of organ support–free days and hospital survival.Trial RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov Identifiers: NCT04401150 (LOVIT-COVID) and NCT02735707 (REMAP-CAP)
Publisher
American Medical Association (AMA)
Reference30 articles.
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