Futility of Up-Front Resection for Anatomically Resectable Pancreatic Cancer

Abstract

ImportanceThere are currently no clinically relevant criteria to predict a futile up-front pancreatectomy in patients with anatomically resectable pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.ObjectivesTo develop a futility risk model using a multi-institutional database and provide unified criteria associated with a futility likelihood below a safety threshold of 20%.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis retrospective study took place from January 2010 through December 2021 at 5 high- or very high-volume centers in Italy. Data were analyzed during April 2024. Participants included consecutive patients undergoing up-front pancreatectomy at the participating institutions.ExposureStandard management, per existing guidelines.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe main outcome measure was the rate of futile pancreatectomy, defined as an operation resulting in patient death or disease recurrence within 6 months. Dichotomous criteria were constructed to maintain the futility likelihood below 20%, corresponding to the chance of not receiving postneoadjuvant resection from existing pooled data.ResultsThis study included 1426 patients. The median age was 69 (interquartile range, 62-75) years, 759 patients were male (53.2%), and 1076 had head cancer (75.4%). The rate of adjuvant treatment receipt was 73.7%. For the model construction, the study sample was split into a derivation (n = 885) and a validation cohort (n = 541). The rate of futile pancreatectomy was 18.9% (19.2% in the development and 18.6% in the validation cohort). Preoperative variables associated with futile resection were American Society of Anesthesiologists class (95% CI for coefficients, 0.68-0.87), cancer antigen (CA) 19.9 serum levels (95% CI, for coefficients 0.05-0.75), and tumor size (95% CI for coefficients, 0.28-0.46). Three risk groups associated with an escalating likelihood of futile resection, worse pathological features, and worse outcomes were identified. Four discrete conditions (defined as CA 19.9 levels-adjusted-to-size criteria: tumor size less than 2 cm with CA 19.9 levels less than 1000 U/mL; tumor size less than 3 cm with CA 19.9 levels less than 500 U/mL; tumor size less than 4 cm with CA 19.9 levels less than 150 U/mL; and tumor size less than 5 cm with CA 19.9 levels less than 50 U/mL) were associated with a futility likelihood below 20%. Both disease-free survival and overall survival were significantly longer in patients fulfilling the criteria.Conclusions and relevanceIn this study, a preoperative model (MetroPancreas) and dichotomous criteria to determine the risk of futile pancreatectomy were developed. This might help in selecting patients for up-front resection or neoadjuvant therapy.