1. Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois2Surgical Outcomes and Quality Improvement Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois3Center for Healthcare Studies, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois4Division of Research and Optimal Patient Care, American College of Surgeons, Chicago, Illinois
2. Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
3. Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois2Surgical Outcomes and Quality Improvement Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
4. Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois2Surgical Outcomes and Quality Improvement Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois3Center for Healthcare Studies, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
5. Division of Research and Optimal Patient Care, American College of Surgeons, Chicago, Illinois5Department of Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles6Department of Surgery, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
6. Department of Surgery, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada