1. Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia2Department of Surgery, Center for Surgery and Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia
2. Department of Surgery, Center for Surgery and Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia
3. Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia3Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia4Department of Veterans Affairs’ Center for Health Equity Research and Promotion, Philadelphia
4. Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia2Department of Surgery, Center for Surgery and Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia3Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of P