1. a Assistant Professor, Department of Orthodontics, University of Florence, Florence, Italy; Thomas M. Graber Visiting Scholar, Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
2. b Professor, Department of Orthodontics, CES Health Sciences University, Medellin, Colombia
3. c Assistant Professor, Department of Orthodontics, CES Health Sciences University, Medellin, Colombia
4. d Research Associate, Department of Orthodontics, University of Rostock, Germany
5. e Thomas M. and Doris Graber Endowed Professor of Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry; Professor of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Medicine; and Research Professor, Center for Human Growth and Development, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Private practice of orthodontics, Ann Arbor, Michigan