Incidental Diagnosis of Swyer-James-MacLeod Syndrome in a Military Pilot

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Swyer-James-MacLeod syndrome (SJMS) is a specific form of bronchiolitis obliterans that occurs rarely, but represents recognized sequelae of common pediatric respiratory illness, and presents as unilateral hyperlucency on chest imaging. This case study describes such an incidental radiographic finding identified during the assessment of chest wall discomfort in a military pilot.CASE REPORT: A 35-yr-old military pilot presented to his flight surgeon with vague intermittent chest discomfort. Initial evaluation revealed an abnormal chest radiograph with unilateral hyperlucency and mild expiratory airflow limitation on pulmonary function testing. The evaluation also included computed tomography imaging with contrast infusion and echocardiography, though the presenting complaint had resolved. The airman was referred to our clinic for further evaluation and aeromedical recommendations regarding returning to flight duties. He was diagnosed with SJMS and recommended to be returned to flight duties.DISCUSSION: SJMS can be challenging to recognize to the untrained eye. An inflammatory response from viral or bacterial infection in childhood results in dysfunctional growth of the affected region of the lung, causing radiographic asymmetry. Although destruction of the alveoli and emphysema may occur, for most cases, there are minimal clinical sequelae. SJMS is not known to be progressive and is not associated with systemic conditions. The pilot likely had the abnormal chest radiograph at the time of commission and had not experienced any in-flight complications. His chest pain had resolved without intervention and SJMS was determined to be unlikely to impact his flight performance (such as response to supplemental oxygen) or life expectancy.Harrison MF, Cowl CT. Incidental diagnosis of Swyer-James-MacLeod syndrome in a military pilot. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2021; 92(4):281285.