1. 1. My compliments to Vershawn Young (2012) for her efforts writing AAVE and to Fred Gardaphé (1997) for writing the “broken English” of Mustache Pete.
2. 2. Both from Giglioli (1972).
3. 3. See the section “Language and Speech in Boston’s North End” for the restricted meaning of some of these expressions.
4. 4. For how this misstates Bernstein’s views, see Atkinson (1985) and Bolander and Watts (2009). See Labov (2010) on AAVE as cultural resource.
5. 5. The most detailed chronologies come from Haller (1981, 1987) and Di Pietro (1976).