The Anarchist Diet: Vegetarianism and Individualist Anarchism in Early 20th-Century France

Author:

Frayne Carl Tobias1

Affiliation:

1. University of Cambridge

Abstract

Abstract This article uncovers the historical connection between anarchism and vegetarianism in France. In doing so, it restores the significance of a little-known branch of the libertarian movement, namely individualist anarchism. Individualist anarchists sought to transform themselves by applying anarchist principles in their daily lives instead of waiting for a future revolution. Retracing the thoughts and deeds of these forgotten pioneers of the ecological and animal liberation movements, I show that vegetarianism is a striking illustration of anarcho-individualist prefigurative politics and that their aspiration to find their place within nature is as topical as ever.

Publisher

University of Illinois Press

Subject

General Earth and Planetary Sciences,General Environmental Science

Reference84 articles.

1. 1. The word “vegan” was originally coined in 1944 by Donald Watson, who founded the U.K. Vegan Society in 1945. In France, véganisme and végane were first added to the Dictionnaire Hachette in 2013, then to the dictionaries Robert and the Larousse in 2015. According to a 2014–2015 Istitut National du Cancer study, there are approximately 90,000 vegans in France (see https://www.federationvegane.fr/documentation/combien-de-veganes/).

2. 2. Larousse defines véganisme as a “mode de vie alliant une alimentation exclusive par les végétaux (végétalisme) et le refus de consommer tout produit (vêtement, chaussure cosmétique, etc.) issu des animaux ou de leur exploitation.” Végétalisme is defined as a “régime alimentaire excluant tout aliment d’origine animal.” Finally, végétarisme is defined as a “régime alimentaire excluant toute chair animal (viande, poisson), mais qui admet en général la consommation d’aliments d’origine animale comme les œufs, le lait et les produits laitiers (fromage, yaourts).”

3. 3. Rates in other European countries include: Germany 5.6%, Spain 3.8%, United Kingdom 8% (Synthèse des résultats à partir de l’étude “Panorama de la consommation végétarienne en Europe,” réalisée par le CREDOC pour FranceAgriMer et l’OCHA en 2018, October Edition, 2019).

4. 4. The modern animal rights movement is called the antispeciesist movement (movement antispécisite) in France.

5. 5. Note that the Parti animaliste is a welfarist organization. It does not advocate the abolition of animal exploitation and ethical vegetarianism. Rather, it promotes the improvement of animals’ living conditions and the reduction of meat consumption mainly for ecological and health reasons.

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