1. 1 Jonathan E. Gumz, The Resurrection and Collapse of Empire in Habsburg Serbia, 1914–1918 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009), 3–4, 34–35.
2. 2 Christopher Clark, The Sleepwalkers: How Europe Went to War in 1914 (New York: HarperCollins, 2013), 33–39.
3. 3 For a chart of major combatants with land area and population estimates, see Tammy M. Proctor, World War I: A Short History (Malden, MA: Wiley Blackwell, 2017), 23.
4. 4 For more information on the war’s economic impacts, see Stephen Broadberry and Mark Harrison, eds., The Economics of World War I (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005).
5. 5 See Aviel Roshwald, Ethnic Nationalism and the Fall of Empires: Central Europe, Russia and the Middle East, 1914–1923 (London: Routledge, 2001).