1. 1. James A. Mulligan, diary, entry dated July 2, 1863, James A. Mulligan Papers, Chicago History Museum (hereafter cited as Mulligan Papers, CHM).
2. 2. Tyler W. Johnson, Devotion to the Adopted Country: U.S. Immigrant Volunteers in the Mexican War (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2012).
3. 3. Susannah J. Ural, Harp and Eagle: Irish-American Volunteers and the Civil War, 1861–1865 (New York: New York University Press, 2006); Christian G. Samito, Becoming American Under Fire: Irish Americans, African Americans, and the Politics of Citizenship During the Civil War Era (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2011).
4. 4. Ryan William Keating’s study of three Irish regiments is a notable exception. See Ryan W. Keating, Shades of Green: Irish Regiments, American Soldiers, and Local Communities in the Civil War Era (New York: Fordham University Press, 2017).
5. 5. Keating, Shades of Green, 176.