1. 1. See Michael T. Clanchy, From Memory to Written Record: England 1066–1307 (London: Edward Arnold; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1979). For a recent edition, see Clanchy, From Memory to Written Record: England 1066–1307, 3rd ed. (Chichester, West Sussex and Malden, MA: John Wiley and Sons, 2013).
2. 2. The English word “literacy” does not quite fully describe the process that is known in other languages as Verschriftlichung (German), Verschriftelijking (Dutch), or passage à l’écrit (French), and the English “literalization” is a poor substitute; see the comments of Anna Adamska, “The Introduction of Writing in Central Europe (Poland, Hungary and Bohemia),” in New Approaches to Medieval Communication, ed. Marco Mostert, Utrecht Studies in Medieval Literacy, vol. 1 (Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols, 1999), pp. 165–90, here p. 167; and Adamska, “The Study of Medieval Literacy: Old Sources, New Ideas,” in The Development of Literate Mentalities in East Central Europe, ed. Anna Adamska and Marco Mostert, Utrecht Studies in Medieval Literacy, vol. 9 (Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols, 2004), pp. 13–47, here pp. 14–18. In the volume reviewed here, Bartoszewicz sometimes uses the English word “alphabetisation” (sic) as a synonym for literacy (see, e.g., p. 43).
3. 3. See Agnieszka Bartoszewicz, Piśmienność mieszczańska w późnośredniowiecznej Polsce (Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego, 2012).
4. 4. This is the number Bartoszewicz provides in her appendix listing urban locations (see pp. 403–11). She excludes Silesian and Prussian towns (these lay outside the kingdom in this period for the most part), but she does include Mazovian towns, even though Mazovia was not incorporated into the kingdom until 1526, since the towns there were closely integrated into the kingdom’s urban network (see p. 2).
5. 5. Jacques Verger, Men of Learning in Europe at the End of the Middle Ages, transl. Lisa Neal and Steven Rendell (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 2000. The French original was published in 1997.