1. 1. The largest Sufi orders in Senegal are the Tijaniyya (51 percent of Senegalese Muslims), Muridiyya (30 percent), Qadiriyya (11 percent), and Layenne (6 percent) (Mbacké 2005:ix). The Tijaniyya and Qadiriyya are foreign orders, originating in the Maghreb and present-day Iraq, respectively, while the Muridiyya and Layenne are indigenous to Senegal.
2. 2. Jouga is mentioned briefly in Tang (2007). His music is discussed at some length in the fourth chapter of my dissertation
3. portions of this article were adapted from that chapter (Dang 2014:110-52).
4. 3. Historical studies have demonstrated that missionary activity was varied throughout Africa and differently linked to or disconnected from fragmented colonial networks (Troutt Powell 2012; Gray and Sanneh 2012). For example, historian Elizabeth Foster argues that a “bitter rivalry between French missionaries and colonial officials” existed in Senegal (2013:17).
5. 4. “C’était un peu difficile de voir un fidèle chante Crédo, Kyrie, et sait même pas ce qu’il parle.”