A novel mechanism in control of human pigmentation by β-melanocyte-stimulating hormone and 7-tetrahydrobiopterin

Abstract

The human skin holds the full machinery for pro-opiomelanocortin processing. The α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH)/melanocortin-1-receptor cascade has been implicated as a major player via the cAMP signal in the control of melanogenesis. Only very recently the β-endorphin/μ-opiate receptor signal has been added to the list of regulators of melanocyte dendricity and melanin formation. In this context it was reported that (6R)-l-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin (6BH4) can act as an allosteric inhibitor of tyrosinase, the key enzyme in melanogenesis, and this inhibition is reversible by both α- and β-MSH. It was also shown earlier that 7BH4, the isomer of 6BH4, is twice as active in this inhibition reaction. However, as yet it is not known whether 7BH4 is indeed present in loco in the melanosome. We here provide evidence that this isomer is present in this organelle in a concentration range up to 50 × 10−6 M. Determination of β-MSH in melanosomal extracts yielded 10 pg/mg protein. Moreover, we demonstrate reactivation of the 7BH4/tyrosinase inhibitor complex by β-MSH, whereas α-MSH failed to do so. Furthermore, we show intra-melanosomal l-dopa formation from dopachrome by 7BH4 in a concentration range up to 134 × 10−6 M. Based on these results, we propose a new receptor-independent mechanism in the control of tyrosinase/melanogenesis by β-MSH and the pterin 7BH4.