The influence of sex and gonadectomy on the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis of the sheep

Abstract

There is a sex difference in the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis of many species, although there are sparse data on the sheep. In the present study we have compared the HPA axes of intact and gonadectomised adult male and female sheep at the level of the median eminence, pituitary and adrenal glands using a variety of in vitro approaches. The concentration of arginine vasopressin (AVP) was higher (P<0.01) in the median eminence of male than female sheep, and was also elevated by gonadectomy of either sex (P<0.01). The concentration of corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF) in the median eminence did not differ between the sexes, but was also elevated in both sexes following gonadectomy (P<0.01). Anterior pituitary pro-opiomelanocortin mRNA concentrations were higher (P<0.05) in intact male sheep than in intact females, with the levels in gonadectomised animals of both sexes being intermediate. In contrast to this finding, basal ACTH secretion from anterior pituitary cells was higher (P<0.05) in cultures derived from female sheep than those from males, but gonadectomy was without effect. There was no effect of sex or gonadectomy on in vitro ACTH secretion in response to AVP, CRF or the combination of AVP and CRF, and in all cases the combination of AVP and CRF generated greater (P<0.0001) ACTH secretion than AVP alone. AVP alone was more effective (P<0.01) than CRF alone as an ACTH secretagogue. The adrenal glands were larger (P<0.05) in female than male sheep, with no effect of gonadectomy. Basal cortisol production was greatest (P<0.05) in cultures of adrenal cells from intact male sheep, though ACTH- and 8BrcAMP-induced cortisol production was greater in the cultures of cells from females (P=0.05); there were no effects of gonadectomy. Cultures of adrenocortical cells from male sheep had greater (P<0.05) basal cAMP production, but ACTH-stimulated cAMP production did not differ between any of the groups of animals. These findings show a range of differences in the HPA axis of male and female sheep. Furthermore, they suggest that the heightened activity of the axis in the female occurs primarily due to differences at the level of the adrenal gland, and that greater adrenal responsiveness of female animals is due to differences in the latter stages of steroidogenesis, rather than an effect on ACTH signal transduction at its receptor.