Pharmacotherapy for overweight and obesity: past and current clinical practice, available medications and possible applications

Abstract

Overweight and obesity are a global pandemic that continues to escalate year by year. Also in Poland, there is a steady increase in the prevalence of overweight and obesity cases among both adults and children. The most effective methods for treating these conditions include improved dietary habits and increased physical activity. Pharmacotherapy is another treatment option. Psychological care is also proven to be effective. It is important to note that in Polish primary health care settings, practitioners are unable to prescribe free dietary consultations for patients. Due to limited visit time, it can be challenging to monitor whether patients have implemented the required lifestyle changes. Primary medical care is often the first point of entry for overweight and obese patients seeking treatment. Consequently, pharmacotherapy has become a crucial aspect of overweight and obesity treatment. In recent decades, many appetite-suppressing medications have been withdrawn from the market because of serious side effects. On the other hand, new medications have been approved for sale in recent years or even months. All indications are that the trend will continue. This article includes a description of both historically used and currently approved overweight and obesity medications, both in the European Union and in the USA. For each medication, the mechanism of action, efficacy, and potential adverse effects are described.