Chitosan Dissolution in [BMIM]Cl Ionic Liquid: An Optimisation and Bacterial Ecotoxicity Study
-
Published:2023-10-09
Issue:6
Volume:31
Page:3013-3038
-
ISSN:2231-8526
-
Container-title:Pertanika Journal of Science and Technology
-
language:en
-
Short-container-title:JST
Author:
Shue Yee Mok,Sivapragasam Magaret,Raja Shahrom Maisara Shahrom
Abstract
Chitosan is formed from chitin deacetylation, but its insolubility remains challenging for industrial applications. An alternative would be employing Ionic Liquids (ILs) as a potential green solvent to dissolve chitosan. Hence, this research aims to study the optimum conditions of chitosan-[BMIM]Cl dissolution using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and evaluate the ecotoxicity of chitosan-[BMIM]Cl mixture against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Chitosan was obtained from heterogenous N-deacetylation of chitin using 50% sodium hydroxide solution at 100°C for 2.5 h. Chitosan dissolution in [BMIM]Cl was optimised using Central Composite Design (CCD) via RSM based on three independent factors: temperature, initial chitosan loading and dissolution time. Ecotoxicity of chitosan-[BMIM]Cl was evaluated using broth microdilution test against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Chitosan with a degree of deacetylation (DD) of 83.42% was obtained after three successive alkali treatments. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) revealed the presence of free hydroxyl groups, additional amino groups, and reduced C=O and C-H stretch intensity, indicating successful chitin deacetylation. The regression model for chitosan dissolution in [BMIM]Cl was significant (p < 0.05) with a non-significant lack of fit (p > 0.05). The optimised conditions to dissolve chitosan in [BMIM]Cl was 130°C, 1 wt. % and 72 h with a mean relative error of 1.78% and RMSE of 5.0496 wt. %. The toxicity of 10 wt. % chitosan-[BMIM]Cl mixture was “relatively harmless” (EC50 > 1000 mg/L) with an EC50 value of 3.1 wt. % for Escherichia coli and 3.2 wt. % for Staphylococcus aureus.
Publisher
Universiti Putra Malaysia
Subject
General Earth and Planetary Sciences,General Environmental Science
Reference77 articles.
1. Ahing, F. A., & Wid, N. (2016). Optimization of shrimp shell waste deacetylation for chitosan production. International Journal of Advanced and Applied Sciences, 3(10), 31-36. https://doi.org/10.21833/ijaas.2016.10.006 2. Ahyat, N. M., Mohamad, F., Ahmad, A., & Azmi, A. A. (2017). Chitin and chitosan extraction from Portunus pelagicus. Malaysian Journal of Analytical Sciences, 21(4), 770-777. https://doi.org/10.17576/mjas-2017-2104-02 3. Akakuru, O. U., Louis, H., Amos, P. I., Akakuru, O., Nosike, E. I., & Ogulewe, E. F. (2018). The chemistry of chitin and chitosan justifying their nanomedical utilities. Biochemistry & Pharmacology, 7, Article 1000241. https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-0501.1000241 4. Ali, M. H., & Abustan, I. (2014). A new novel index for evaluating model performance. Journal of Natural Resources and Development, 4, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.5027/jnrd.v4i0.01 5. Aranaz, I., Acosta, N., Civera, C., Elorza, B., Mingo, J., Castro, C., Gandia, M. D. I. L., & Caballero, A. H. (2018). Cosmetics and cosmeceutical applications of chitin, chitosan and their derivatives. Polymers, 10(2), Article 213. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym10020213
|
|