1. From the Departments of Physiology and 2Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, and
2. Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom;
3. From the Departments of Physiology and
4. Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan;
5. Department of Ophthalmology, Teine Keijinkai Hospital, Sapporo, Japan;
6. Department of Neurology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio;
7. Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois; and
8. From the Departments of Physiology and 5Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; 9Clinical Brain Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Sapporo Yamanoue Hospital, Sapporo, Japan.