Optimal perfusion: Review based on recent scientific evidence

Abstract

Introduction: Throughout the history of extracorporeal circulation there have been several controversial aspects regarding the management of the different physiological, hemodynamic and technical variables. In this review we will synthesize recent scientific evidence of what we call "optimal perfusion". Method: The bibliographic search was carried out in the Cochrane and MEDLINE databases using the PubMed search engine, where the main term was “optimal perfusion” combining it with MeHS terms such as “cardiopulmonary bypass”, “cardiac surgery”, “acute kidney injury” and “goal directed perfusion”. Results: 168 references were obtained, of which 61 were selected for later analysis and synthesis. The main blood pressure remains one of the parameters with less consensus, especially in high-risk patients. The incidence of acute renal failure after cardiac surgery associated with extracorporeal circulation has undergone a notable change thanks to the management of physiological variables or the so-called goal directed perfusion. With these strategies it has been possible to update and review the critical hematocrit in order to ensure a constant and optimal oxygen supply at all times and avoid tissue hypoperfusion and its incidence in global morbidity. Conclusions: The parameters referred to as "optimal" are under continuous review and analysis and, together with the advances in active and real-time monitoring of the delivery and consumption parameters, have changed management in our daily clinical practice.