1. Department of Civil Engineering, University of Ottawa, 161 Louis-Pasteur St., Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
2. AMEC Foster Wheeler, 140 Quarry Park Blvd. SE, Calgary, AB T2C 3G3, Canada
3. Department of Civil Engineering, University of New Brunswick, 17 Dineen Dr., Fredericton, NB E3B 5A3, Canada (Corresponding author), e-mail: woh@unb.ca, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3521-5082