1. Engineering Resource Branch, Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, US Army Corps of Engineers, 72 Lyme Rd., Durham, NH 03755, USA (Corresponding author), e-mail: christopher.j.decarlo@usace.army.mil, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5701-4241
2. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New Hampshire, 33 Academic Way, Durham, NH 03824, USA, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9788-2246 (E.V.D.), https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5284-0392 (J.E.S.)
3. Nottingham Transportation Engineering Centre, University of Nottingham, NG7 2RD, Nottingham, England, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2891-2517
4. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Rd., Worcester, MA 01609, USA, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5043-1595