1. College of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Rd., Lanzhou 730000, China, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3784-5491
2. Key Laboratory of Mechanics on Disaster and Environment in Western China, the Ministry of Education of China, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Rd., Lanzhou 730000, China
3. Division of Field Engineering for the Environment, Hokkaido University, Kita 13, Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
4. College of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Rd., Lanzhou 730000, China (Corresponding author), e-mail: wangchong@lzu.edu.cn, http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6340-2790
5. Department of Civil Engineering, University of Ottawa, 161 Louis-Pasteur, Ottawa K1N6N5, Canada, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3273-6149