1. Department of Civil Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Center for Sustainable Transportation Infrastructure, Virginia Tech Transportation Institute, 3500 Transportation Research Plaza, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA (Corresponding author), e-mail: rjmccar1@vt.edu, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2589-5467
2. Department of Civil Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Center for Sustainable Transportation Infrastructure, Virginia Tech Transportation Institute, 3500 Transportation Research Plaza, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4440-0711 (G.F.)