1. Center for Environmentally Sustainable Transportation in Cold Climates, Institute of Northern Engineering, Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Alaska Fairbanks, 245 Duckering Building, 1760 Tanana Loop, Fairbanks, AK 99775-5900, USA
2. Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering Department, Missouri University of Science and Technology, 129 Butler-Carlton Hall, 1401 N. Pine St., Rolla, MO 65409-0030, USA (Corresponding author), e-mail: jennyliu@mst.edu, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3840-1438