1. Department of Civil, Geological, and Mining Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, P.O. Box 6079, Sta. CV, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3A7, Canada (Corresponding author), e-mail: robert.chapuis@polymtl.ca, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7397-9374
2. Department of Civil, Geological, and Mining Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, P.O. Box 6079, Sta. CV, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3A7, Canada; and BBA, Department of Earth and Infrastructure, 2200 Blvd., Robert-Bourassa, Suite 300, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2A5, Canada
3. Department of Civil, Geological, and Mining Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, P.O. Box 6079, Sta. CV, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3A7, Canada; and College of Construction Engineering, Jilin University, 938 Ximinzhu St., Changchun 130021, China